In the previous chapter, you learned about the HTML attribute. HTML also defines special elements for defining text with a special meaning. HTML uses elements like <b> and <i> for formatting output, like bold or italic text.
If you use a word processor, you must be familiar with the ability to make text bold, italicized, or underlined; these are just three of the ten options available to indicate how text can appear in HTML.
Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:
Bold text
Important text
Italic text
Emphasized text
Marked text
Small text
Deleted text
Inserted text
Subscripts
Superscripts
<ul> Defines an unordered list.
HTML provides several tags that you can use to make some text on your web pages to appear differently than normal text, for example, you can use the tag <b> to make the text bold, tag <i> to make the text italic, tag <mark> to highlight the text, tag <code> to display a fragment of computer code, tags <ins> and <del> for marking editorial insertions and deletions, and more.
The following example demonstrates the most commonly used formatting tags in action. Now, let’s try this out to understand how these tags basically work:
Example:
<p>This is <b>bold text</b>.</p>
<p>This is <strong>strongly important text</strong>.</p>
<p>This is <i>italic text</i>.</p>
<p>This is <em>emphasized text</em>.</p>
<p>This is <mark>highlighted text</mark>.</p>
<p>This is <code>computer code</code>.</p>
<p>This is <small>smaller text</small>.</p>
<p>This is <sub>subscript</sub> and <sup>superscript</sup> text.</p>
<p>This is <del>deleted text</del>.</p>
<p>This is <ins>inserted text</ins>.</p>
By default, the <strong> tag is typically rendered in the browser as <b>, whereas the <em> tag is rendered as <i>. However, there is a difference in the meaning of these tags.
Difference between <strong> and <b> tag
Both <strong> and <b> tags render the enclosed text in a bold typeface by default, but the <strong> tag indicates that its contents have strong importance, whereas the <b> tag is simply used to draw the reader’s attention without conveying any special importance.
Example:
<p><strong>WARNING!</strong> Please proceed with caution.</p>
<p>The concert will be held at <b>Hyde Park</b> in London.</p>
Difference between <em> and <i> tag
Similarly, both <em> and <i> tags render the enclosed text in italic type by default, but the <em> tag indicates that its contents have stressed emphasis compared to surrounding text, whereas the <i> tag is used for marking up text that is set off from the normal text for readability reasons, such as a technical term, an idiomatic phrase from another language, a thought, etc.
<p>Cats are <em>cute</em> animals.</p>
<p>The <i>Royal Cruise</i> sailed last night.</p>
Formatting Quotations
You can easily format the quotation blocks from other sources with the HTML <blockquote> tag.
Blockquotes are generally displayed with indented left and right margins, along with a little extra space added above and below. Let’s try an example to see how it works:
Example:
<blockquote>
<p>Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The important thing is not to stop questioning.</p>
<cite>— Albert Einstein</cite>
</blockquote>
For short inline quotations, you can use the HTML <q> tag. Most browsers display inline quotes by surrounding the text in quotation marks. Here’s an example:
Example:
Showing Abbreviations
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word, phrase, or name.
You can use the <abbr> tag to denote an abbreviation. The title attribute is used inside this tag to provide the full expansion of the abbreviation, which is displayed by the browsers as a tooltip when the mouse cursor hovers over the element. Let’s try out an example:
Example:
<p>The <abbr title=”World Wide Web Consortium”>W3C</abbr> is the main international standards organization for the <abbr title=”World Wide Web”>WWW or W3</abbr>. It was founded by Tim Berners-Lee.</p>
Marking Contact Addresses
Web pages often include street or postal addresses. HTML provides a special tag <address> to represent contact information (physical and/or digital) for a person, people or organization.
This tag should ideally be used to display contact information related to the document itself, such as the article’s author. Most browsers display an address block in italic. Here’s an example:
Example:
<address>
Mozilla Foundation<br>
331 E. Evelyn Avenue<br>
Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
</address>
